-Origin of Engineering & Begining of Engineering Education:
In the Middle Ages professional schools were trying to provide training and education in areas of importance to society, so some of the schools started to study on medicine and law.After that society's needs turned more practical and advanced, so enginneering became the most important need.The first engineers were in military, they were employed by the government for roads,bridges and fortifications. France is the first country in the world founded school of engineering in the middle of the 18th century. By the turn of the Century, France had established military and polytechnic schools to teach engineering that produced such notables as Laplace, Lagrange, and Fourier. In addition The USA is the first one established first school that offered enginnering education in 1802.This school were interested in civil engineering and still exist today.
Sources:
http://www.seas.ucla.edu/hsseas/history/origin.html
http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm
-Engineering as a profession:
In my opinion engineering as a profession is different from the others because they approach problems by using mathematic, since and economic systems.They are interesested in mechanics, production bu not people.Their first aim is to be benefial for people by using technology and developin this technology.They provide this situation by using science of physics and mathematics.
-What Engineers Do:
Engineers are bridge betwwen science and work life.Engineers solve the problems by using science and technology.They apply to mathematics, science, and computers to model real life situations and solve problems.Some engineers may design cardiac pacemakers while others may design skyscrapers or computer programs, but they might all be using the same computing environments and mathematical methods! It is very important to note that even though the tasks are very different, many of the methods used are common to all engineers.
-Types of Engineers:
...Aeronautical or Astronautical engineers-
Study jet engines and aircraft design. They may also work on applications for space missions.
...Agricultural engineers-
Design farm equipment, animal shelters, crop systems, and product processing systems.
...Chemical engineers-
Develop processes and products made with chemicals perhaps in the food, petroleum, or pharmaceutical industries.
...Civil engineers-
Design roads, buildings, transportation systems, and other large-scale construction projects. Categories within this area may include structural, environmental, geological, hydraulic, transportation and construction engineering.
...Electrical and computer engineers-
Design, construct, and maintain electronic systems, which may include working with computer chips, circuits and electronic communications.
...Geological engineers-
Solves earth related technical problems while at the same time protecting the environment.
...Industrial engineers-
Plan and design industrial and business facilities for the best product quality and employee working conditions. Industrial engineering is different form the other types of engineering.
Industrail engineer have to include the human factor.We can define industrial engineering as a bridge between people and other types of engineering.Most of the work of industrial engineers can be collected under four subtitle;
i)Those related to plant layout
ii)Those designed to increase worker productivity
iii)Those designed to control the quality of products
iv)Those designed to reduce and control costs
...Materials engineers-
Study metals, ceramics, plastics, and composites to design materials for applications that may involve transportation, communication or power production.
...Mechanical engineers-
Create machines and may work on transportation systems, power production or performance analysis.
...Nuclear engineers-
Work with nuclear reactors, fusion and radiation applications.
Sources:
http://www.quia.com/hm/79653.html
http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/toki/teched/vtypes.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering
31 Mart 2008 Pazartesi
My choice is Henry Ford.While I decide this choice his whealtness does not attrect me so much .The most important reason is that Henry Ford knew what he wanted from life and he went on doing his belief so that he became one of the most successful people in the world.Being a poineer of an important thing for the people needs very much self-confident, strong belief and endless determination.These three main things were in Henry Ford and they are the important things for my life.
HENRY FORD
Henry Ford was born in July 30, 1863 as a first one of the six children.He grow up in Michigan as a farmer's son.he disliked being a farmer, he interested in machine.He worked at the very young age(he was 16 yeas old).After he worked as an apprentice machinist in Detroit for 3 years, he wont back his hometown.In 1891 Henry Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illumating Company in Detroit.He became Chief Engineer in 1893 sucht that he started to focus on his personal experiments and earn enough money.These experiments concluded in 1896 with the completion oh his own self-propelled vehicle, the Quadricycle.The Quadricycle had four wire wheels that looked like heavy bicycle wheels, was steered with a tiller like a boat, and had only two forward speeds with no reverse. 
The Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with henry Ford as vice-resident and chief engineer.He realized his dream of producing an automobile that was resaonably priced, reliable, adn efficien with the introduction of the model T in 1908.In 1918 ,half of cars in America were model Ts.In additon his a founder of Fordism.Fordism is a management theory that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace.Henry Ford also implemented Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles into his factory and there was a big earn from time and motion
The Ford Motor Company was incorporated in 1903 with henry Ford as vice-resident and chief engineer.He realized his dream of producing an automobile that was resaonably priced, reliable, adn efficien with the introduction of the model T in 1908.In 1918 ,half of cars in America were model Ts.In additon his a founder of Fordism.Fordism is a management theory that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace.Henry Ford also implemented Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles into his factory and there was a big earn from time and motion
19 Mart 2008 Çarşamba
the GILBERTHS
Frank Bunker Gilberth and his wife Lillian Moller Gilbert developed industrial management techniques and symbols which still use today.Frank Bunker Gilberth was born in 1868.He was an American engineer and a lecturer in Perdue University.He married with Lillian Moller Gilbert in 1904 who was industrial psychologist.She was born in 1878 in California and graduated from University of California, Berkeley.She was a professor at Purdue University, The Newark Colloge of Engineering and University of Wisconsin-Madison.
These American married couple were pioneer of the industrial enginnering, they took advantages of themselves and were attracted by Taylor's studies,so they found the beneficial and efficient motions at the work.They studied on the work habits of manufacturing and clerical employees to find the ways to be efficient to make their jobs easier.Lillian Gilberth reduced all motions to the 17 basic motions and these included grasp,hold, transport loaded, searching and assembling.These time and motions were called therbligs by L.M.Gilberth.Their basic motins method were used in building trade, education, medicine and army.
Although the Gilberths started everything after Taylor's studies, tthere was a difference between the Gilberths and Taylor.Taylorism was concerned on the reducing the time of process but the Gilberths try to be efficent by reducing the motions involved.After the therbligs, Lillian Moller Gilberth was called as the mother of the modern management.
ABRAHAM HAROLD MASLOW
Abraham Harold Maslow was born and raised in Brooklyn,New York in 1908.He was the eldest of the seven children.His father persued him law and he went, but later he stoped his law education and started to study on psychology at the University of Winsconsin.At Winsconsin and Columbia University he pursued investigating primate dominance behavior and sexulaity.
Maslow was on the faculty of Brooklyn Colloge from 1937 to 1951.He found two adviser Ruth Benedict and Freudian psychologist Max Wertheimer.Maslow was taking notes about them and their behavior.Maslow saw human needs like a ledder; at the bottom of the ladder there is physical( water, food, air, sex).Then came safety needs security, stability and these step is followed by psychological,social needs.At the top of this ladder there is self-actualizing needs.Benedict and Wertheimer were examples of Maslow's self-actualizing model.Self-actualizing people tend to focus on the problems outside of themselves , are spotaneous and creative.Maslow was a proffesor at Brandeis University from 1951- to 1969 then he became a resident fellow of the Laughlin Institute in California.He died of a heart attack in California in 1970.
Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs:
Maslow classified human's needs as "conative needs","cognitive needs", and " aesthetic needs".Maslow hierarchy of needs are arranged in terms of their potency. Four layers of the pyramid from the bottom to top are called "deficiency needs" or "D-needs:" the individual does not feel anything if they are met, but feels anxious if they are not met. Needs beyond the D-needs are "growth needs," "being values," or "B-needs."B-needs are Wholeness/Unity/Oneness Perfection/Just-so-ness Completion/Finality/Ending Justice/Fairness Aliveness/Full-Functioning Richness/Intricacy Simplicity/Essential/Honesty Beauty/Form/Richness Goodness/Oughtness Uniqueness/Idiosyncrasy/Novelty Effortlessness/Ease/Perfect Playfulness/Joy/Humor Truth/Reality/Beauty/Pure Self-Sufficiency/Indepe.The second level needs are safety and security.The third level is the need for love and belonging.The fourth level is the esteem needs.Esteem needs are self esteem,confidence, achivements,respect of others,respect by others.The top level of the pyramid is slef-actualization.
17 Mart 2008 Pazartesi
Max Weber
His full name is Maximilian Carl Emil Weber(1864-1920) and Max Weber is best known as one of the leading scholars and founders of modern sociology, but Weber also accomplished much economic work.When he entered University of Heidelberg (1882), he do not know what he wants to be in the future.He decided to taking lessons about law as his father did.In those days he was taking introducty course in economics and he is effected by his teacher Karl Knies, who is one of the founders of the german Historical School.After these lessons, Max Weber decided to study on economy.He began his career at the University of Berlin, and later worked at Freiburg University, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna and University of Munih.
His most important contributions to the field of economics is his famous work, the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of of Capitalism.Weber's other main ideas in economics is his work on methodology: his theories of "Verstehen" and of antipositivism.his doctrine of Interpretative Sociology is one of the main social paradigms and it has many supporters as well as ciritics.Summary of this idea: an ideal type is formed from characteristics and elemnts given phonomena but it is not meant to correspond all of the characterics of any one particular case.
Max Weber formulated a three component theory of stratification, with Social Class, Social Status and party (or politicals) as conceptually distinct elements:
1-Scoial class is defined economically in the market(owner, renter, employee etc.).
2-Status is based on non-economical qualities like honour, prestige and religion.
3-Party refers to affiliations in the political domain.
1-Scoial class is defined economically in the market(owner, renter, employee etc.).
2-Status is based on non-economical qualities like honour, prestige and religion.
3-Party refers to affiliations in the political domain.
HENRY FAYOL
Henri Fayol (* 1841 in Istanbul; † 1925 in Paris) was a French management theorist whose theories concerning scientific organisation of labour were widely influential in the beginning of 20th century.Fayol was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management, he divided management concept into five primary functions: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) commanding, (4) coordinating, and (5) controlling (Fayol, 1949, 1987).
Often associated with Frederick Winslow Taylor, his theories deal with the organisation of production in the context of a competitive enterprise that has to control its production costs.
Often associated with Frederick Winslow Taylor, his theories deal with the organisation of production in the context of a competitive enterprise that has to control its production costs.
Fayol was the first to identify the four functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, although his version was a bit different: plan, organize, command, coordinate, and control. He believed that the number of management principles that might help improve an organization's operation is potentially limitless.Henri Fayol graduated from the mining academy of St. Etienne (École des Mines de Saint-Étienne) in 1860. The nineteen-year old engineer started at the mining company Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambeau-Decazeville, ultimately acting as its managing director from 1888 to 1918. Based largely on his own management experience, he developed his concept of administration. These 14 principles of management were discussed in detail in his book published in 1917, Administration industrielle et générale. It was published in English as General and Industrial Management in 1949 and is widely considered a foundational work in classical management theory.
The fourteen principles of managementfrom Henry Fayol:
1-Division of work: Specializing encourages individual to build up experience and develope his skills so that he can be more productive.
2-Authority: The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience
3-Discipline: Employees must obey all rules ordered by manager, but manager must have a powerful leadership.
4-Unity of command: Each employee has one and only one boss.
5-Unity of direction: A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6-Subordination of Individual Interests:When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
7-Remuneration: Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.
8-Centralization: Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top.
9-Chain of Superiors (line of authority):Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
10-Order: All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there
11-Equity: Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12-Personnel Tenure: Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13-Initiative: Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
14-Esprit de Corps:Management must elevate the morale of its employees.He further suggests that "real talent needed coordinate effort, encourage keenness, use each person's abilities, and reward each one's merit without arrousing possible jealousies and disturbing harmonious relations."
1-Division of work: Specializing encourages individual to build up experience and develope his skills so that he can be more productive.
2-Authority: The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience
3-Discipline: Employees must obey all rules ordered by manager, but manager must have a powerful leadership.
4-Unity of command: Each employee has one and only one boss.
5-Unity of direction: A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6-Subordination of Individual Interests:When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about.
7-Remuneration: Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with.
8-Centralization: Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top.
9-Chain of Superiors (line of authority):Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military
10-Order: All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there
11-Equity: Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12-Personnel Tenure: Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13-Initiative: Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
14-Esprit de Corps:Management must elevate the morale of its employees.He further suggests that "real talent needed coordinate effort, encourage keenness, use each person's abilities, and reward each one's merit without arrousing possible jealousies and disturbing harmonious relations."
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR
Frederick Winslow Taylor was born in 1856. Taylor's family was rich enough and a Quaker family from Pennsylvania. His aim was to attend Harvard University and become a lawyer but he didn't have very good eyesight and during the era in which he lived, found that the eyesight problem held him back from a pursuit of a Harvard education.
Taylor started to work as a machinist pupil.He was allowed to study at home and graduated from Stevens Institute of Technology through the correspondence courses that the school offered to Taylor. It was around this time that he began to take on his own management philosophies and implement them at Midvale Steel Works. He started his career at Midavale Steel Wroks as a employer in 1878 and he quickly rose through the ranks at the plant until he became the chief engineer(1894).
Frederick Taylor later went on to develop high speed steel with the help of some colleagues at Bethlehem Steel.He tried to organize new management units but he were not in a good relationship with other managers, so he resigned from his job in 1901.
Frederick Taylor dedicated to passing along his beliefs to others so that they could implement his beliefs into their own workplace environments, Taylor soon published "The Principles of Scientific Management "(1911)and became famous and was dubbed as the "Father of Scientific Management".
F.W. Taylor was convinced that managers had to select and train their employees for the tasks at hand to be successful in business life. His principles of management were solid. He believed that employees needed management and management needed the employees and when the two sides could work together amicably, businesses were able to thrive. Later Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management is called as Taylorism.
Frederick Winslow Taylor was instrumental in the way others began to emulate his business management skills. During the Progressive Era, Taylor was widely accepted for his leadership skills and his ability to make the workplace a more efficient environment for all who were willing to look at his plan for improvement.He was died in 1915 in Philedelphia.
Scientefic Management:
Taylor started to work as a machinist pupil.He was allowed to study at home and graduated from Stevens Institute of Technology through the correspondence courses that the school offered to Taylor. It was around this time that he began to take on his own management philosophies and implement them at Midvale Steel Works. He started his career at Midavale Steel Wroks as a employer in 1878 and he quickly rose through the ranks at the plant until he became the chief engineer(1894).
Frederick Taylor later went on to develop high speed steel with the help of some colleagues at Bethlehem Steel.He tried to organize new management units but he were not in a good relationship with other managers, so he resigned from his job in 1901.
Frederick Taylor dedicated to passing along his beliefs to others so that they could implement his beliefs into their own workplace environments, Taylor soon published "The Principles of Scientific Management "(1911)and became famous and was dubbed as the "Father of Scientific Management".
F.W. Taylor was convinced that managers had to select and train their employees for the tasks at hand to be successful in business life. His principles of management were solid. He believed that employees needed management and management needed the employees and when the two sides could work together amicably, businesses were able to thrive. Later Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management is called as Taylorism.
Frederick Winslow Taylor was instrumental in the way others began to emulate his business management skills. During the Progressive Era, Taylor was widely accepted for his leadership skills and his ability to make the workplace a more efficient environment for all who were willing to look at his plan for improvement.He was died in 1915 in Philedelphia.
Scientefic Management:
Scientefic management were developed in 1880s and 1890s.Scientefic managemen is also known as Taylorism şs theory of management.This theory is based on analyzes and synthesizes workflow processes and developing labor productivitiy.
-Mass production methods:
Taylorism and Fordism are often thought together because both of them are about mass production methods in manufactoring factories.This kind of task oriented is used todays industry and has made most industrial work menial,repetitive,tedious and depressing: it can be recognized in assembly lines and fast food restaurants.Ford's arguments are started from this point; this repetitive work makes employees work slowest without any punishment.paying the same amount of money to the workers is not a beneficial system because it makes work slowest.Therefore, Ford's aim is the work practice that had been developed in most work environments was crafted, to be very inefficient in its execution. From this he posited that there was one best method for performing a particular task, and that if it were taught to workers, their out put would increase.Taylor explained many concepts that were not widely accepted at the time.For example he thought that labour should include rest breaks so that workers recover their exhaustion.He proved this with the task of unloading ore: employees thought to take rest and productivity went up.
-Division of Labour:
People can not manage themselves and they have to be taken care of administiration so that there is a division of labour between administrators and workers.Taylor explain this situation:Now one of the very first requirements for a man who is fit to handle pig iron as a regular occupation is that he shall be so stupid and so phlegmatic that he more nearly resembles in his mental make-up the ox than any other type. The man who is mentally alert and intelligent is for this very reason entirely unsuited to what would, for him, be the grinding monotony of work of this character. Therefore the workman who is best suited to handling pig iron is unable to understand the real science of doing this class of work. ( ,1911, 59)
Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles:
1-Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
2-Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.
3-Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250).
4-Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks
SOURCES: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
http://www.biography-center.com/biographies/6813-Taylor_Frederick_Winslow.html
1-Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
2-Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.
3-Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250).
4-Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks
SOURCES: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
http://www.biography-center.com/biographies/6813-Taylor_Frederick_Winslow.html
Kaydol:
Kayıtlar (Atom)